Gwangju, a city in South Korea, is rich in history, culture, and natural beauty. Notable attractions include Park Yong-chul Birthplace, Jatgogae Night View, Chungjang Road, Wolbong Seowon, World Cup Stadium, Peace Park, and more. These sites offer insights into Korean heritage and provide memorable experiences for visitors.
Gwangju Metropolitan City (광주광역시, Gwangju Gwang-yeok-si) is a metropolitan city located in the southwestern part of South Korea. It is bordered by Hwasun County (화순군, Hwasun-gun) of Jeollanam-do to the southeast, Damyang County (담양군, Damyang-gun) of Jeollanam-do to the northeast, Hampyeong County (함평군, Hampyeong-gun) of Jeollanam-do to the west, Naju City (나주시, Naju-si) of Jeollanam-do to the southwest, and Jangseong County (장성군, Jangseong-gun) of Jeollanam-do to the north. The city hall is located in Chipyeong-dong (치평동, Chipyeong-dong) in the Seo-gu district, and the city is divided into 5 districts (구, gu) and 95 neighborhoods (동, dong).
Gwangju is historically significant as the site of the Gwangju Student Independence Movement and the May 18th Gwangju Democratization Movement. The city is home to several higher education institutions, including Chonnam National University (전남대학교, Jeonnam Daehakgyo), Chosun University (조선대학교, Joseon Daehakgyo), and the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (광주과학기술원, Gwangju Gwahak Gisurwon). Every two years, the Gwangju Biennale, an international contemporary art exhibition, is held in the city. Additionally, the city has been part of a national project to develop it as an Asian cultural hub through the creation of the Asian Culture Center.
Place Names in Gwangju
Mujin (무진, 武珍) is not originally a Chinese character name but a Korean name written using Chinese characters for their sounds and meanings. The old Chinese meaning of “珍” (진, jin) is “field” or “stone,” so the original pronunciation of Mujin (무진, 武珍) might have been closer to “Mudeul” or “Muldeul,” which likely means “a field with lots of water” (물+들, Mul+deul). Due to its phonetic transcription, Mujin (무진, 武珍) was also written as Mujin (무진, 茂珍). The name of Mudeungsan (무등산, 無等山), a famous mountain in Gwangju, is also believed to be a phonetic transcription of the same word.
Naju (나주, Naju) and the Yeongsanpo (영산포, Yeongsanpo) area, which are geographically close to Gwangju, were referred to as Suibi (수입이, 水入伊) in Idu script, meaning “water enters.” This indicates that the region was once a wetland area.
During the Samhan period, Gwangju was part of Mahan. During the Baekje period, it was known as Noji (노지, 奴只). After the unification of the Three Kingdoms, it was called Mujinju (무진주, 武珍州) in the 6th year of King Sinmun’s reign. Later, King Gyeongdeok changed its name to Muju (무주, 武州). The current name, Gwangju (광주, 光州), first appeared during the reign of King Taejo of Goryeo. Over time, Gwangju’s administrative status changed between terms like Mok (목, 牧), Bu (부, 府), Hyeon (현, 縣), and Gun (군, 郡), but the name itself remained.
Joseon Dynasty
During the Joseon Dynasty, the Jeolla Province (전라도, Jeollado) was divided into Left Jeolla Province (좌도, Jwado) and Right Jeolla Province (우도, Udo). Gwangju (광주, Gwangju) belonged to the Left Jeolla Province. In the 12th year of King Sejong’s reign, a villager named No Heung-jun (노흥준, No Heung-jun) assaulted Governor Shin Bo-an (신보안, Shin Bo-an). As punishment, Gwangju’s status was downgraded to Mujin County (무진군, Mujin-gun). In the first year of King Munjong’s reign, Gwangju’s original status was restored, but in the 20th year of King Seongjong’s reign, it was downgraded again to Gwangsan County (광산현, Gwangsan-hyeon). During the 7th year of King Yeonsangun’s reign, it was restored once more. Similar downgrades and restorations occurred during the reigns of King Injo and King Sukjong due to other unfortunate incidents.
Japanese Colonial Period
During the Japanese colonial period, on September 30, 1910, the Joseon Government-General implemented a new local administrative system and appointed a town chief for Gwangju (광주, Gwangju). At that time, Gwangju had a walled inner city called Seongnae-myeon (성내면), and outside the walls, there were three districts: Giraebang (기례방), Gongsu-bang (공수방), and Budong-bang (부동방). These areas were combined to form Gwangju-myeon (광주면).
On April 1, 1931, with further administrative changes, Gwangju was promoted to Gwangju-eup (광주읍). In 1935, the status was elevated again, implementing the “bu” system and renaming it Gwangju-bu (광주부). At this time, the administrative districts were expanded to 41 “jeong” (정).
Republic of Korea
After Japan’s defeat in World War II on August 15, 1945, Gwangju (광주, Gwangju) was under U.S. military administration for 2 years and 11 months. On June 3, 1947, the military government was abolished, and with the establishment of the Republic of Korea on August 15, 1948, Gwangju-bu was renamed Gwangju-si in 1949, undergoing two administrative changes.
In 1963, the Seochang (서창) and Daecheon (대촌) offices were returned to Gwangsan-gun, reducing Gwangju’s area to 214.92 km², with six offices and 45 districts (dong). In 1966, three new districts—Gyerim 1 (계림1구), Wolsan (월산동), and Hyojuk (효죽동)—were created, increasing the total to 48 districts. In 1970, another 10 districts were added, bringing the total to 58, with a population of 520,000.
On July 1, 1973, four offices were abolished, retaining only Seokgok (석곡) and Jisan (지산), and the city was divided into Dong-gu (동구) and Seo-gu (서구). On April 1, 1980, the Seokgok and Jisan offices were abolished, and Buk-gu (북구) was established, resulting in three districts. On November 1, 1986, the “Gwangju Direct-Controlled City Establishment Law” was enacted, making Gwangju the fourth direct-controlled city after Busan, Daegu, and Incheon. At that time, Gwangju had three districts and 72 administrative units (dong), covering 215.11 km². On January 1, 1988, with the enactment of Law No. 3963, Songjeong-si and Gwangsan-gun were merged into Gwangju Direct-Controlled City, expanding its area to 501.44 km², and comprising four districts, 83 dongs, and nine offices, establishing it as a central city in the southwest region.
The Gwangju Democratization Movement (5.18 광주 민주화 운동) began in May 1980.
On January 1, 1995, the name of the direct-controlled city was changed to a metropolitan city. On March 1, 1995, Nam-gu (남구) was separated from Seo-gu, and as of the end of 2010, Gwangju operates with five autonomous districts and 95 administrative units.
Gwangju is actively working to establish its identity as a global city of democracy, human rights, and peace through efforts like promoting its designation as a UN Human Rights City. After achieving $10 billion in exports as the third metropolitan city in 2007, Gwangju reached $16.2 billion in exports in 2014 and aimed for $16.5 billion in 2015, transforming from a consumer city to a production city.
Notably, by November 2011, Gwangju became the first city in Korea to designate four cultural industry investment promotion zones. In January 2011, nine zones were designated as Gwangju Research and Development (R&D) Special Zones, laying the foundation for future growth engines. This includes creating 100,000 new jobs and focusing on five major industries: automotive, optics, home appliances, green energy, and mold industry. Gwangju is leveraging its strengths in democracy, human rights, cultural arts, and advanced industries to build a city where citizens live together in harmony and happiness.
Natural Geography
Gwangju (광주, Gwangju) is located where the eastern mountainous region meets the western plains. The terrain of Gwangju is generally classified as an aged, eroded hill area that resembles a peneplain. The mountainous features of the Jeollanam-do (전라남도) region, with Gwangju at its center, show the Noryeong Mountain Range (노령산맥, Noryeong Sanmaek) stretching east to west along the northern border, forming an irregular boundary with Jeollabuk-do (전라북도). To the east, the Sobaek Mountain Range (소백산맥, Sobaek Sanmaek) runs north to south, marking the boundary with Gyeongsangnam-do (경상남도). Thus, Jeollanam-do is nestled between these two mountain ranges.
The Gwangju Plain is situated in the Yeongsan River (영산강, Yeongsan-gang) basin, between the spurs of the Noryeong and Sobaek Mountain Ranges. This plain extends along the Gwangju Stream (광주천, Gwangju-cheon) and its tributaries, as well as the Geukrak River (극락강, Geukrak-gang) basin, continuing towards the adjacent areas like Naju (나주, Naju). Ultimately, this forms part of the larger Naju Plain (나주평야, Naju Pyeongya).
Major Institutions
Gwangju (광주, Gwangju) is strategically located where mountainous and plain areas meet, making it a vital military, administrative, and commercial hub. The areas around Chungjang-ro (충장로) and Geumnam-ro (금남로) are the city’s commercial centers. Known as an “education city,” Gwangju is a cultural hub of Jeollanam-do (전라남도) with many universities and schools. It has eight four-year universities, including Chonnam National University (전남대학교, Jeonnam Daehakgyo), Chosun University (조선대학교, Chosun Daehakgyo), Gwangju University (광주대학교, Gwangju Daehakgyo), Honam University (호남대학교, Honam Daehakgyo), and Gwangju National University of Education (광주교육대학교, Gwangju Gyoyuk Daehakgyo). Additionally, there are eight junior colleges, including Chosun Nursing College (조선간호대학교, Chosun Ganho Daehakgyo). The city has 108 elementary schools, 69 middle schools, and 58 high schools, with about 380,000 students enrolled.
Gwangju is home to eight broadcasting stations and six newspapers.
Major sports facilities in Gwangju include Gwangju Kia Champions Field in Im-dong (임동, Im-dong) of Buk-gu (북구, Buk-gu), Gwangju World Cup Stadium, Gwangju Football Stadium, and Pepper Stadium in Pungam-dong (풍암동, Pungam-dong) of Seo-gu (서구, Seo-gu).
The Jeollanam-do Provincial Office was previously located in Gwangsan-dong (광산동, Gwangsan-dong) of Dong-gu (동구, Dong-gu), but it moved to Namak-ri (남악리, Namak-ri) in Samhyang-eup (삼향읍, Samhyang-eup) of Muan-gun (무안군, Muan-gun) in 2005. The site now houses the National Asian Culture Complex, which is connected to the Culture Complex Station. The Gwangju Metropolitan City Hall is located in Chipyeong-dong (치평동, Chipyeong-dong) of Seo-gu.
Judicial institutions include the Gwangju District Court (광주 지방 법원, Gwangju Jibang Beobwon) and the Gwangju High Court (광주 고등 법원, Gwangju Godeung Beobwon). The Gwangju District Prosecutor’s Office (광주 지방 검찰청, Gwangju Jibang Geomchalcheong) and the Gwangju High Prosecutor’s Office (광주 고등 검찰청, Gwangju Godeung Geomchalcheong) handle prosecutorial duties, while the Gwangju Metropolitan Police Agency (광주지방경찰청, Gwangju Jibang Gyeongchalcheong) manages public safety.
In Sangmu-dong (상무동, Sangmu-dong) of Seo-gu, the 5.18 Memorial Park commemorates the Gwangju Democratization Movement, and in Mangwol-dong (망월동, Mangwol-dong) of Buk-gu, the National May 18th Cemetery honors the movement’s victims.
Traditional Markets
Gwangju is also known for its vibrant traditional markets:
- Yangdong Market (양동시장, Yangdong Sijang): One of the oldest and largest traditional markets in Gwangju, offering a variety of fresh produce, seafood, and household goods.
- Malbau Market (말바우시장, Malbau Sijang): Famous for its local specialties and traditional Korean snacks, this market provides an authentic shopping experience.
- Seobang Market (서방시장, Seobang Sijang): Known for its diverse food stalls and clothing shops, Seobang Market is a popular destination for locals.
- Namgwangju Market (남광주시장, Namgwangju Sijang): This market is well-known for its vibrant atmosphere and wide range of products, from fresh food to traditional Korean items.
- Mudeung Market (무등시장, Mudeung Sijang): Located near Mudeungsan Mountain, this market offers various local goods and produce, making it a great spot to experience Gwangju’s local culture.
These markets are not only places to shop but also to experience the local culture and taste the authentic flavors of Gwangju.
Museums in Gwangju
Gwangju (광주, Gwangju) is a city rich in culture and history, and it has several important museums that reflect this heritage. Here are some of the key museums in Gwangju:
- National Gwangju Museum (국립광주박물관, Guknip Gwangju Bangmulgwan): This museum showcases the history and culture of the Jeolla region. It features artifacts from various periods, including prehistoric times, the Three Kingdoms period, and the Joseon Dynasty. The museum provides a comprehensive look at the region’s past and its cultural evolution.
- Gwangju Folk Museum (광주시립민속박물관, Gwangju Sirip Minsok Bangmulgwan): This museum focuses on the traditional lifestyles and customs of the people of Gwangju and the surrounding Jeolla region. Exhibits include traditional clothing, tools, and household items, offering insights into the daily lives of Koreans in the past.
- Gwangju Museum of Art (광주시립미술관, Gwangju Sirip Misulgwan): This art museum features a wide range of artworks, from traditional Korean art to contemporary pieces. It also hosts special exhibitions and cultural events, making it a vibrant part of Gwangju’s artistic community.
- National Gwangju Science Museum (국립광주과학관, Guknip Gwangju Gwahakgwan): Aimed at promoting science education, this museum offers interactive exhibits and hands-on activities for visitors of all ages. It covers various scientific fields, including physics, biology, and technology, providing a fun and educational experience for families and students.
Cultural Complexes in Gwangju
Gwangju (광주, Gwangju) is a city rich in culture and history, offering various cultural complexes that provide spaces for art, performances, and community events. Here are some key cultural complexes in Gwangju:
- U-Square Cultural Center (유스퀘어문화관, U-Square Munhwagwan): Located in the bustling U-Square Terminal, this cultural center hosts a variety of performances, exhibitions, and cultural events. It’s a vibrant hub for both locals and visitors to enjoy diverse cultural experiences.
- Gwangju Culture and Art Center (광주문화예술회관, Gwangju Munhwa Yesul Hoegwan): This center is a major venue for performing arts in Gwangju, including music, theater, and dance. It features multiple performance halls and galleries, making it a central place for cultural activities in the city.
- 5·18 Memorial Culture Center (5·18기념문화센터, 5·18 Ginyeom Munhwacenter): Dedicated to commemorating the May 18 Democratic Uprising, this center provides educational programs, exhibitions, and performances that promote democracy, human rights, and peace.
- Kimdaejung Convention Center (김대중컨벤션센터, Kimdaejung Convention Center): Named after the former President Kim Dae-jung, this convention center is a key venue for international conferences, exhibitions, and cultural events. It plays a significant role in promoting Gwangju as a global city.
- Seogu Cultural Center (서구문화센터, Seogu Munhwacenter): Located in the Seogu district, this cultural center offers various programs and activities for the community, including art classes, performances, and exhibitions.
- Bitgoeul Citizen Culture Center (빛고을 시민문화관, Bitgoeul Simin Munhwagwan): This center provides a space for citizens to engage in cultural activities and enjoy performances, exhibitions, and workshops. It aims to enhance the cultural life of Gwangju residents.
- Donggu Cultural Center (동구문화센터, Donggu Munhwacenter): Serving the Donggu district, this cultural center hosts a variety of cultural and educational programs for the community, including concerts, plays, and art exhibitions.
Tourist Attractions in Gwangju
Gwangju, a vibrant city in South Korea, offers a diverse range of tourist attractions, blending rich history, culture, and natural beauty. Here are some notable places to explore:
- Park Yong-chul Birthplace (Yong-a Saengga, 박용철생가): Visit the birthplace of Park Yong-chul, a renowned Korean poet known by his pen name Yong-a. Explore the traditional Korean house and learn about the poet’s life and works.
- Jatgogae Night View (잣고개야경): Enjoy breathtaking night views of Gwangju from Jatgogae, a scenic hill offering panoramic vistas of the city lights.
- Chungjang Road (충장로): Discover Chungjang Road, a bustling street in downtown Gwangju lined with shops, restaurants, and street vendors. It’s a perfect spot for shopping, dining, and people-watching.
- Wolbong Seowon (Bingwol Dang, 월봉서원): Visit Wolbong Seowon, also known as Bingwol Dang, a Confucian academy built during the Joseon Dynasty. Explore the serene surroundings and learn about Confucianism.
- World Cup Stadium (월드컵경기장): Experience the excitement of sports at the World Cup Stadium, a modern sports venue that hosted matches during the 2002 FIFA World Cup.
- Peace Park (평화공원): Reflect and pay tribute to the victims of the May 18 Democratic Uprising at Peace Park, a peaceful memorial park dedicated to promoting peace and democracy.
- Seochang Hyangto Village (서창향토마을): Step back in time at Seochang Hyangto Village, a traditional Korean village showcasing local culture, architecture, and way of life.
- Jeungsimsa Temple (증심사): Explore Jeungsimsa Temple, a historic Buddhist temple known for its beautiful architecture, serene atmosphere, and cultural significance.
- Pochungsa Temple (포충사): Discover Pochungsa Temple, a tranquil Buddhist temple nestled amidst lush greenery, offering a serene escape from the city.
- National May 18 Democracy Cemetery (국립5·18민주묘지): Pay homage to the heroes of the May 18 Democratic Uprising at the National May 18 Democracy Cemetery, a poignant reminder of Korea’s fight for democracy.
- Mudeungsan Old Road (무등산 옛길): Hike along Mudeungsan Old Road, a historic trail that winds through Mudeungsan Mountain, offering stunning views of the surrounding landscape.
- Sihwa Cultural Village (시화문화마을): Immerse yourself in traditional Korean culture at Sihwa Cultural Village, where you can experience folk performances, workshops, and exhibitions.
- Chungoe Park (중외공원): Enjoy leisurely strolls and picnics at Chungoe Park, a beautiful green space in the heart of Gwangju.
- Mudolgil (무돌길): Take a scenic walk along Mudolgil, a picturesque trail that meanders through forests, rivers, and hills, offering tranquil views of nature.
- Namdo Hyangto Food Museum (남도향토음식박물관): Learn about the culinary heritage of the Jeolla region at Namdo Hyangto Food Museum, where you can explore exhibits on traditional Korean cuisine.
- Mudeungsan Jusangjeolridae (무등산 주상절리대): Marvel at the stunning rock formations of Mudeungsan Jusangjeolridae, a natural wonder carved by centuries of erosion.
- Street of Art (예술의 거리): Wander through the Street of Art, a vibrant area in Gwangju known for its colorful murals, art galleries, and street performances.
- Exploring Modern History and Culture of Gwangju (광주 근대 역사문화 탐방): Dive into the modern history and culture of Gwangju through various museums, exhibitions, and cultural landmarks.
- Gwangjuhyanggyo (광주향교): Visit Gwangjuhyanggyo, a traditional Confucian school that served as an educational institution during the Joseon Dynasty.
- Gwangjuho Lake Eco Park (광주호 호수생태원): Enjoy outdoor activities and nature exploration at Gwangjuho Lake Eco Park, a scenic recreational area surrounded by lush greenery.
- Yangrim History and Culture Village (양림역사문화마을): Step back in time at Yangrim History and Culture Village, where you can experience traditional Korean culture, architecture, and lifestyle.